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Impressum
Impairment of safety in navigation caused by alcohol: pupillography and measurements of eye movements
1Reichelt J. A., 1Grütters G, 2Ritz-Timme S., 2Thome M., 2Kaatsch H. J.
1Univ.-Augenklinik, Hegewischstraße 2, D-24105 Kiel; 2Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Arnold-Heller-Straße 12, D-24105 Kiel
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate data in an interdisciplinary
project (ophthalmology, forensic medicine, internal medicine, psychology
and nautical science) in order to identify critical blood alcohol limits
in sea navigation. Legally binding standards in this field do not exist.
In this context the visual system seems to be of decisive importance.
Vegetative functions have an influence on sensory perception and play
an important role in the field of nautical capability.
Methods: The sea traffic simulator (Bereich Nautik, Fachhochschule
Hamburg) was employed for realistic nautical demands on nine professional
experienced skippers under sober and alcoholized conditions (target blood
alcohol concentration: 0.8‰ ). Having finished simulation (45 minutes)
pupil light reflex, spontaneous pupil movements (hippus), nystagmus and
saccades were evaluated. For this purpose the compact integrated pupillograph
(CIP, Grünenthal / AMTech) was used. The CIP is using infrared technology
with a CCD-line scan camera. Modification of the CIP enabled us to measure
optokinetic nystagmus, too.
Results: Evaluating the pupil light reflex, changes in the extent
of relative contraction and in re-dilatation time were obvious under the
influence of alcohol. Diminished vigilance could be observed in all of
the nine skippers when optokinetic nystagmus was tested. Accordingly,
spontaneous pupil movements increased.
Conclusion: The compact integrated pupillograph supplies a proper
device in order to measure functions of the visual and the vegetative
system. Thus, the impact of these functions on nautical capability can
be demonstrated. If further investigations as ophthalmological parameters
(visual acuity, binocular function, colour vision, accommodation), medical,
psychological and nautical evaluations are drawn into account, it could
be gathered that blood alcohol levels of 0.8 ‰ may exclude safe navigation.